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Sunday, June 8, 2008

Best Use of Free Science Fair Projects

You come home from work and your child hands you his diary. Instead, of the usual homework, you find an assignment for submitting a science fair project. That too, within two days! What will you do now? Not to worry; you can use free science fair project!

Well, hundreds of free science fair projects available online are the best resources to give you an idea about the project. In case you already have an idea about the kind of project you will be doing, you can use a sample science fair project available as free over the net. Use it precisely to get ample information for the project completion.

Most of these free projects are conceptualized, edited, and tested by professionals. So you can save a lot of your time on developing it from square one. Science fair projects give descriptive and methodical steps from the beginning. They even guide you through all the steps and simplify your project. Not only that, free science fair projects help you in preparing a sequence of steps and the flowchart.

Even though a tailor made science fair project will be simple to understand, you need to put in ample time for planning and thought. Suppose you choose a simple observation of the night sky, the changes of moon, and the planets. Once your kid understands the sky during night, take him to a library and help him research more on the night sky. That way you would encourage him to take interest in the project.

But you are not left with that burden altogether. You also need to include certain sections. You can include sections from magazines, National Geographic Channel, Discovery Popular Science, and books. Just remember to follow the rules and guidelines of the science fairs, which you will be attending with those sections.

Many sample projects also keep an eye on the queries raised by students to update the projects further. So they are usually simpler and better to understand the subject.

Do not use a free project as it is. Instead work on the subject and learn from your research. So that, you become confident enough to face contests and triumph over problems in the future as well. Thomas Alva Edison finally discovered the light bulb after he encountered failure a thousand times. As he rightly puts it, "I did not fail a thousand times; I learned a thousand ways that it didn't work".

That's the spirit that should go with you when you browse a free science fair project over the net. Let the Edison spirit bud in you to pave way to research.

Jack Tracy contributes to a website only about Science Fair Projects and has a passion for learning and helping students of all ages. You're invited to discover much more about Science Fair Know-how at: ScienceProjectKnowHow.com Free Science Fair Project

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Lectures on the History of Physics

1. Introduction

As a start, I would like to point out to you a few things which might explain my interest in history and philosophy in general. You have all heard the slogan Two Cultures, the contrast and conflict between sciences on one hand and art on the other. However, in Hungary, where I come from, there was only One Culture. The Hungarian word for science is tudomny. It corresponds to the word Wissenschaft in German. These expressions designate one, all-embracing science, including everything from mathematics to music. The Hungarian Academy of Sciences has, at present, eight sections: languages, literary sciences, social and historical sciences, mathematics and physics, agricultural sciences, technical sciences, chemistry and biology, and a section on musical folklore under the well-know composer Zoltn Kodly, who recently visited this country and taught in a music summer school at Dartmouth College. Incidentally, we have also in our country at least one institution, the American Academy of Arts and Science, which emphasizes the union, rather than the contrast, between Arts and Science. However, as you know, this is an exception. Our National Academy of Science is concerned only with science, but not with the arts.

My interest in philosophy of science was kindled by Poincars books. It was reinforced by the requirement for the Ph.D. degree in Vienna, which included philosophy. My finals consiswted of two one-hour exams in physics, which was my major, a single one-hour exam in mathematics, my minor, and two one-hour exams in philosophy. These requirements forced one to study philosophy and to consider science in general, physical and mathematics in particular, in a more general context.

I managed somehow to take both one-hour exams in philosophy of science, since I had a sort of allergy to some parts of traditional philosophy. Fortunately, a friend of mine, Herbert Feigl, who is now a distinguished philosopher of science himself (Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science at the University of Minnesota) tutored me. This way I did not have to read voluminous books on traditional philosophy.

One of the philosophers who examined me was M. Schlick. He was the founder of the Vienna Circle of logical positivists, also called logical empiricists. This direction goes back to Hume, Comte, and Mach. The circle had weekly sessions on philosophy of science, which were very interesting, but sometimes quite baffling, to me then. For example, there was a discussion about a book by Herman Weyl, Was ist Materie (What is Matter). There was an expression es gibt (there is). I remember a spirited discussion about the possible meaning of that expression. Being a young student of science, I did not at that time appreciate the significance of such semantic discussions. Later on, I realized that the precise meaning of statements in philosophy can be very important. Still, I always remembered a saying by Goethe in Faust: Wo die Begriffe fehlen, stellt ein Wort zur rechten Zeit sich ein (When the concepts are missing, a word shows up). Clearly, a new word is no substitute for a new concept!

2. History of General History

After this bit of autobiographical introduction, I would like to discuss very briefly and in big historical jumps the History of History and the History of History of Science.

History may be defined as a methodical reconstruction of the past of mankind. From Herodotos to Thucydides, from Livius to Tacitus, there was a gradually increasing sophistication leading away from the naive, purely narrative type of history. However, even with some sophistication, history was only an uncritical description of separated human events (like battles) and actions (by kings or other leaders).

General history, taking account of the dynamic forces emanating from the structure of a society, started only in the eighteenth century and actually developed only in the nineteenth century. Voltaires Sicle de Louis XIV was, perhaps , the earliest general or cultural history. Gibbon, at least in some parts of his work, was another early bird. Sismondi, Thierry, and Michelet emphasized the role of communes and the rise of the Third Estate in medieval history. The British Whig historians, Hallam, Grote, and Macauley considered history as a successive unfolding of political liberty. Carlyle vainly tried to turn the clock back with his hero worship, as exemplified in his History of the French Revolution.

Influenced by the philosophers, Comte and Spencer, Taine and Buckle were, perhaps, the first cultural historians. They emphasize social factors, ideas, and idealogies. Hegel and Marx catalyzed the dialectic materialism style of history, with all its excesses. However, they rightly emphasized that in an age of quickly changing social and industrial development in particular, and even more generally, the sociological and industrial factors played very important roles in all human endeavors. Lecky, following Buckle, emphasized (in his History of the Rise and Influence of Rationalism in Europe and in his History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne) the practical, active, and social sides of history, in contrast to the intellectual and speculative side, as exemplified by Leslie Stephens English Thought in the Eighteenth Century. Of course, all these aspects of history are complementary and should enter together into a really general history.

Grand synthesis in history cannot be practiced without analytic specialization. As a matter of fact, analytic specialization is a pre-condition for a successful cultural synthesis. The great attention to innumerable details, documented by a large number of footnotes, was the style set by Ranke and, perhaps to a lesser extent, also by Mommsen, who for his monumental History of the Roman Empire received the literary Nobel prize. Detailed treatments of shorter epochs on history have been previously pioneered by Voltaire and Gibbon and developed by Macauley (famous third chapter of History of England), Taine (Ancien Regime), de Coulange (La Cit Antique), Dill (Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius), although these cannot compete with Ranke in the number of footnotes!

Of course, a detailed study of any aspects in history is justified only if it can be used in the grand synthesis. Details which cannot be woven into the canvas of general history are clearly not significant. In other words, the details of any specialized historical study must be embeddable in the whole picture one attempts to paint, like apiece of mosaic is embeddable in the whole.

This principle of embedding is valid for any human endeavor and activity. Any human activity is the more important the more it interacts with and is related to other human activities. The abstract form of this principle goes back, perhaps, to Protagoras of Abdera, one of the first relativists. More concretely and recently, it has been applied by Felix Klein, David Hilbert, and John von Neumann to a relative valuation of different branches of mathematics and very recently by Alvin M. Weinberg to a relative valuation of different sciences.

The grand synthesis can be characterized also, again as all human endeavor, and more generally as all the nature around us, as a result of an evolution. This view is, of course, only valid if one averages over a longer time period. Over a short period, evolution looks more like the envelope or average of revolutions.

Eugene Guth made pioneering contributions to Polymer Physics and significant contributions to Nuclear and Solid State Physics. At the age of 23, he wrote the first comprehensive history of quantum theory in a 170-page Handbuch der Physik (Vol. IV) article, which was highly praised by Niels Bohr and Wolfgang Pauli. Dr. Guth is one of the chief founders and developers of Polymer Physics and Polymer Physical Chemistry, both theoretically and experimentally. For this work and for basic contributions to rheology, he received the 1965 Bingham Medal, the Society of Rheology's highest award.

Social Anxiety - The Top 5 Pets That Can Help You

Pets can be more than just companions; they can also aid you in overcoming your social anxiety.

Treat a pet kindly, and it will love you for who you are. He/she will never judge you for your looks or shyness. He will depend on you to keep him alive. He will be there to comfort and play with you or make you laugh when you are having a bad day. He will shower you with love and reduce your loneliness if you have any.

Some pets require walks (the five listed here can all be taken for walks). For many people, a pet is like their security blanket or their guardian that they can take almost anywhere with them. The fact that their companion is with them in public can help reduce some anxious feelings. By having a pet with you, you have a good conversation starter right there, especially with like minded people. Don't be surprised if someone stops to compliment your critter.

Pets are a great way to meet like minded, friendly people on forums or even clubs. Just remember, always research any pet before buying one. They all need certain housing, diet, and daily interaction time. A pet can be a big commitment.

Here are five great pet choices to help you with your anxiety:

Pet #5: Guinea Pig

The potential of a guinea pig as a pet is overlooked by many. If kept as an indoor companion and given attention daily, their true loving and funny nature will shine through. Guinea pigs communicate with their owners through various sounds, including purring, and many love to be cuddled and petted. A well socialised guinea pig is sure to brighten anyone's day.

Pet #4: Cat

Cats are the most curious and psychic of pets. Despite their independent reputation, many of them love their owners unconditionally and will cuddle up to you and show their appreciation as they purr. They are happy to sleep next to their owners and will comfort them when they sense something is wrong.

There is one individual cat in particular who lives in a hospital and can sense when patients are about to die (before anyone else knows). It will cuddle up next to the patient and stay with them so that they are never alone.

Pet #3: Horse

Horses have been known to help treat people with all sorts of mental disorders - including social anxiety. Riding a horse involves learning or mastering a skill and has been known to enhance one's confidence and self esteem in tackling new areas.

Horses are sensitive to verbal and non-verbal cues, and communication with a horse is vital in working with one. Horses also need to be cared for through grooming, feeding, and cleaning and rely upon their owners. They are also playful and loving creatures.

Pet #2: Dog

Dogs are commonly kept as pets, and for a good reason! They have been domestically bred for a very long time, and are well adapted to living in homes and interacting with people. Dogs can be playful, cuddly, incredibly affectionate, and can also guard their owners and keep them safe.

There are many different breeds (including mixed breeds) out there, and different types suit different people. Dogs are usually not low maintenance pets, so make sure you can make that commitment to keeping a companion dog.

Pet #1: Parrot

Cross a dog with a cat and a human child, and you have a parrot. While opinions may differ, for me, a parrot is the ultimate pet.

A parrot doesn't give love unconditionally at first, you have to earn it. But once a parrot bonds to you... wow. It will make you feel like the most important person in the world. A parrot that is well socialized with humans will also be friendly towards strangers, but you will always be his number one person.

Parrots are loving and affectionate, incredibly playful and silly, many love to be cuddled, and yes, even a parrot can be taken into public with you as long as he wears a harness. The special talent that the parrot has is his ability to speak 'in context'. They easily learn to associate human words with objects, actions, and sounds and can communicate to you on an incredible level.

Parrots need just as much, often more, attention as a pet dog does. They live for a very long time, and may even outlive you. If you have no experience keeping parrots, it is best to start off with a smaller species, such as a cockatiel or quaker.

Just about any pet can help that little bit more (or for some people, a lot more) in coping with social anxiety. Rats, ferrets, rabbits, reptiles, and fish have also been known to add happiness to a person's life.

Jane Renshaw recovered from social anxiety disorder after nearly 20 years of suffering. She is the author of "How to Overcome Social Anxiety in 5 Easy Steps". This ebook puts emphasis on how even the worst sufferers can overcome their social anxiety permanently. You can get more information at (http://www.social-anxiety-revealed.com).

Fourth Grade Science Fair Projects

Fourth grade students are very energetic and their span of attention or concentration is very small. Above that, they want to observe, infer, predict and classify anything taught on science. Learning by doing is a good concept and it registers in their young minds and they can never go wrong in their examinations. For this, a lot of schools conduct fourth grade science fair. Here, all the fourth grade science fair projects will be displayed.

The children explain their fourth grade science fair projects, while the others watch these projects and learn. Teaching them in a play way method is very effective. Here are few fourth grade science fair projects for this age group.

Salt increases the density of water. Add four to five tablespoons of salt in a glass of water stir it nicely and float an egg. Also add little more luke-warm fresh water and check, the egg will float in-between the salt and the water. Try using sugar or flour in the water the egg will sink.

Which water is good for plants can be made as a project by selecting a pot with some seeds; one pot can be watered with tap water, the other pot to be watered with only rain water. Check the growth for seven weeks; the rain water watered pot is better.

Will plants grow with a liquid other than water can be done in an effective project by selecting four pots, Water the first pot with water, second one with vinegar, third one with orange juice and fourth one with milk. The result is the one with water grows the maximum, the one with vinegar dies as it is an acid, the one with orange juice and milk also grows but nowhere near as much as the pure source.

A fourth grade science fair project to test which environment is best for plants. Take three pots, one with sand, one with soil, and one with gravel and put few seeds in each pot, wet them at regular intervals and make a graph, the seeds in the soil grew the maximum.

Classification of mammals -- Mammals are found every where. Polar bears in cold areas, camels in hot areas, moles live under the ground, bats live in caves and flies in the air and dolphins live in oceans. Fur and fat help them to protect themselves in cold regions and they sweat and pant to release their extra heat. A fourth grade science fair project can be made by cutting and pasting picture of mammals and their place of rest.

Sunflower house project: On the ground draw a square and plant sunflower seeds leaving enough space between two seeds all in the perimeter of the square, but dont forget to leave a little space in the front side for the door. Once the sunflower plants grow one inch, plant bean seeds around each sunflower plant. As they grow the beans will climb up the sunflower stalks and create a wonderful playhouse for the children. In this way they learn the characteristics of creepers, flower plants, trees, shrubs etc.

Excellent features of sunflowers are we can get oil, easy to grow and a good bird feeder, Make a sun and a flower and label its uses.

Life cycle of a butterfly egg, caterpillar, cocoon and then a beautiful butterfly can be made live in your garden.

A Bird house can be made in wood, to encourage birds to come and live. Observe the birds and their habits.

Instincts can be taught in a project form by showing baby birds open their mouth for food, baby turtles know to go to the sea when their eggs hatch.

Children at this age group should be given simpler fourth grade science fair projects to keep them occupied. Once they are occupied and disciplined, teachers job become easier to make them learn and enjoy schooling.

Jordan Matthews is a High School Math and Science teacher who has worked as a judge and a coordinator of many science fairs. Check his Science Fair Project ideas website for some more ideas and information about experiments for all ages.

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